# JEL Classification Codes

The following Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes are proposed for this manuscript, in order of relevance.

## Primary codes

- **G23, Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors.** The paper's primary finance-anchored scope: blockchain networks as financial market infrastructure and the detection of anomalies and fraud within this infrastructure.

- **G10, General Financial Markets.** The broader market-level relevance of blockchain security: systemic risk implications and market integrity for cryptoassets and decentralized finance.

- **C63, Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling.** The methodological contributions: machine-learning, statistical, and game-theoretic techniques applied to blockchain transaction data.

## Secondary codes

- **C45, Neural Networks and Related Topics.** The machine-learning approaches reviewed include deep learning architectures for anomaly and fraud detection.

- **G29, Financial Institutions and Services: Other.** Covers cryptocurrency exchanges, decentralized exchanges, and related entities that are not cleanly classified under conventional G2x codes.

## Selection rationale
The primary codes anchor the paper to the *Financial Innovation* journal's scope (G10, G23) while acknowledging the methodological (C63, C45) and institutional (G29) dimensions. Authors submit 3–5 codes per Springer guidelines; the final selection is G23 / G10 / C63 / C45 / G29.