/* ========================================
   Management & Marketing Journal Styles
   Springer Journal Page Replication
   Complete Visual Overhaul
   ======================================== */

/* ========== Google Fonts ========== */
/* Font is loaded via <link> in layouts for better performance */

/* ========== CSS Variables - Exact Springer Colors ========== */
:root {
    /* Primary Springer Blue */
    --springer-blue: #025e8d;
    --springer-blue-dark: #01324b;
    --springer-blue-light: #f0f7fc;

    /* Gray Scale Palette */
    --springer-gray-900: #1A1A1A;
    --springer-gray-800: #333333;
    --springer-gray-700: #424242;
    --springer-gray-600: #616161;
    --springer-gray-500: #757575;
    --springer-gray-400: #9E9E9E;
    --springer-gray-300: #E0E0E0;
    --springer-gray-200: #EEEEEE;
    --springer-gray-100: #F5F5F5;
    --springer-white: #FFFFFF;

    /* Accent Colors */
    --springer-orange: #f58220;
    --springer-green: #008000;
    --springer-teal: #00a69d;
    --springer-error: #c40606;
    --springer-purple: #7B1FA2;

    /* Semantic Colors */
    --springer-nav-border: #c5e0f4;
    --springer-body-text: #222222;
    --springer-secondary-text: #555555;
    --springer-green-light: #e8f5e9;
    --springer-green-dark: #2e7d32;
    --springer-red-light: #fce4ec;
    --springer-red-dark: #c62828;
    --springer-purple-light: #f3e5f5;
    --springer-purple-dark: #6a1b9a;
    --springer-orange-light: #fff3e0;
    --springer-orange-dark: #e65100;

    /* Typography */
    --font-ui: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    --font-body: 'Merriweather', serif;

    /* Spacing System */
    --spacing-xs: 2px;
    --spacing-sm: 4px;
    --spacing-md: 8px;
    --spacing-lg: 12px;
    --spacing-xl: 16px;
    --spacing-2xl: 24px;
    --spacing-3xl: 32px;

    /* Border Radius */
    --radius-sm: 4px;
    --radius-md: 8px;
    --radius-lg: 12px;

    /* Shadows */
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 4px 0 rgba(1,50,75,.06);
    --shadow-md: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(1,50,75,.08);
    --shadow-lg: 0 4px 12px 0 rgba(1,50,75,.1);
    --shadow-xl: 0 8px 24px 0 rgba(1,50,75,.12);

    /* Layout */
    --max-width: 1280px;
    --header-height: 140px;
    --topbar-height: 40px;
    --banner-height: 60px;
    --nav-height: 48px;
}

/* ========== CSS Reset ========== */
*,
*::before,
*::after {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

/* ========== Base Styles ========== */
html {
    font-size: 16px;
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
    -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
}

body {
    font-family: var(--font-ui);
    font-size: clamp(.875rem, 3.5vw, 1rem);
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: var(--springer-body-text);
    background-color: #fff;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

/* ========== Container ========== */
.container {
    max-width: var(--max-width);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 12px;
}

/* ========== Typography ========== */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    font-family: var(--font-ui);
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.3;
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-xs) 0;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
}

h1 { font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; }
h2 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 700; }
h3 { font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 600; }
h4 { font-size: .9375rem; font-weight: 600; }
h5 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 600; }
h6 { font-size: .8125rem; font-weight: 600; }

p {
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

a {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
    text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
}

a:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    text-decoration: underline;
    text-decoration-thickness: 2px;
}

a:visited {
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
}

a:focus {
    outline: 2px solid var(--springer-blue);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ========== Article Body Text ========== */
.article-body,
.article-content,
.article-abstract {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.75;
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
}

/* ========== Top Bar ========== */
.top-bar {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    height: var(--topbar-height);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-700);
}

.top-bar .container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    height: 100%;
}

.top-bar-left {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
}

.publisher-link {
    color: var(--springer-white);
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.publisher-link:hover {
    color: var(--springer-orange);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.top-bar-right {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.top-bar-link {
    color: var(--springer-gray-300);
    font-size: 13px;
    padding: 8px 12px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.top-bar-link:hover {
    color: var(--springer-white);
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* ========== Search Area ========== */
.search-area {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    padding: var(--spacing-md) 0;
}

.search-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.search-form {
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 600px;
    position: relative;
}

.search-input {
    width: 100%;
    height: 40px;
    padding: 0 40px 0 var(--spacing-md);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-family: var(--font-ui);
    font-size: 14px;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.search-input:focus {
    outline: none;
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px var(--springer-blue-light);
}

.search-button {
    position: absolute;
    right: 4px;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    width: 32px;
    height: 32px;
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    border: none;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
}

.search-button:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
}

.search-options {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.search-option-link {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    white-space: nowrap;
}

/* ========== Journal Banner ========== */
.journal-banner {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-blue-dark);
    padding: 8px 0 0;
}

.banner-content {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.springer-logo {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 120px;
    height: 60px;
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 900;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.journal-info {
    flex: 1;
}

.journal-title {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: 22px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-xs) 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

.journal-title a {
    color: inherit;
}

.journal-title a:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.journal-meta {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.journal-tagline {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    font-style: italic;
}

.issn-info {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    font-weight: 500;
}

.open-access-badge {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    background-color: var(--springer-green);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
}

.banner-actions {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    font-family: var(--font-ui);
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
    border: none;
    text-decoration: none;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.btn-primary {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    color: var(--springer-white);
}

.btn-primary:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.btn-secondary {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    border: 2px solid var(--springer-blue);
}

.btn-secondary:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* ========== Navigation ========== */
.site-nav {
    background-color: #fff;
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-nav-border);
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1000;
}

.nav-wrapper {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
}

.nav-menu {
    display: flex;
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.nav-item {
    position: relative;
}

.nav-link {
    display: block;
    padding: .75rem .4rem;
    color: var(--springer-body-text);
    font-size: .8125rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-decoration: none;
    position: relative;
    border-bottom: none;
    transition: color 0.2s ease;
}

.nav-link::after {
    content: '';
    display: block;
    height: 6px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    background: transparent;
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: .5rem;
    right: .5rem;
}

.nav-link:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.nav-link:hover::after {
    background: var(--springer-blue);
    opacity: 0.5;
}

.nav-link.active {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

.nav-link.active::after {
    background: var(--springer-blue);
}

/* ========== Navigation Dropdowns (CSS-Only) ========== */
.nav-dropdown {
    position: relative;
}

.nav-dropdown-toggle::after {
    content: "▼";
    font-size: 9px;
    margin-left: 6px;
    display: inline-block;
    transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}

.nav-dropdown:hover .nav-dropdown-toggle::after {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
}

.nav-dropdown-menu {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    min-width: 250px;
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-top: none;
    border-radius: 0 0 var(--radius-md) var(--radius-md);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    z-index: 2000;
}

.nav-dropdown:hover .nav-dropdown-menu {
    display: block;
}

.nav-dropdown-item {
    margin: 0;
}

.nav-dropdown-link {
    display: block;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
    font-size: 14px;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.nav-dropdown-link:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* ========== Mobile Hamburger (CSS Checkbox Hack) ========== */
.mobile-menu-toggle {
    display: none;
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    background-color: transparent;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 5px;
    padding: 8px;
}

.hamburger-line {
    width: 24px;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: var(--springer-gray-800);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

#mobile-menu-checkbox {
    display: none;
}

/* ========== Main Layout ========== */
.main-content {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    min-height: calc(100vh - 400px);
}

.content-wrapper {
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
}

/* ========== Two-Column Layout ========== */
.page-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 70% 30%;
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.main-column {
    min-width: 0;
}

.sidebar-column {
    min-width: 0;
}

/* ========== Article List (NOT Grid) ========== */
.article-list {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.article-item {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-md);
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.article-item:hover {
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.article-type-badge {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.article-type-badge.research-article {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

.article-type-badge.review {
    background-color: var(--springer-orange-light);
    color: var(--springer-orange);
}

.article-type-badge.editorial {
    background-color: var(--springer-purple-light);
    color: var(--springer-purple);
}

.article-title-link {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    display: block;
}

.article-title-link:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.article-authors {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.author-name {
    font-weight: 500;
}

.article-meta-info {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.meta-separator {
    color: var(--springer-gray-400);
}

.article-excerpt {
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: 12px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.article-metrics {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    padding-top: var(--spacing-md);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

.metric-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
}

.metric-icon {
    color: var(--springer-gray-400);
}

.metric-value {
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
}

/* ========== Sidebar Widgets ========== */
.sidebar-widget {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}

.widget-title {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    padding-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-blue);
}

.widget-content {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
}

.widget-list {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.widget-list-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

.widget-list-item:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.widget-link {
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
    font-size: 12px;
    display: block;
}

.widget-link:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

/* ========== Journal Metrics Widget ========== */
.metrics-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.metric-card {
    text-align: center;
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
}

.metric-card-value {
    font-size: 22px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.metric-card-label {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

/* ========== Most Cited Widget ========== */
.cited-article {
    padding: var(--spacing-md) 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

.cited-article:first-child {
    padding-top: 0;
}

.cited-article:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
    padding-bottom: 0;
}

.cited-article-title {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.cited-article-title:hover {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

.cited-article-authors {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.cited-article-citations {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
}

.citation-count {
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

/* ========== Alerts Widget ========== */
.alert-box {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    border-left: 4px solid var(--springer-blue);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.alert-box:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.alert-title {
    font-size: 12px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.alert-text {
    font-size: 11px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.alert-link {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

/* ========== Section Headers ========== */
.section-header {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    padding-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-nav-border);
}

.section-title {
    font-size: 17px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin: 0;
}

.section-description {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-sm);
}

/* ========== Editorial Board ========== */
.board-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(280px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.editor-card {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs);
    text-align: center;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.editor-card:hover {
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

.editor-role {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.editor-name {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.editor-affiliation {
    font-size: 11px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.editor-country {
    font-size: 10px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    font-style: italic;
}

/* ========== Hero Section ========== */
.hero {
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--springer-blue) 0%, var(--springer-blue-dark) 100%);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    padding: var(--spacing-lg) 0;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.hero-title {
    font-size: 26px;
    font-weight: 900;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    color: var(--springer-white);
}

.hero-subtitle {
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 300;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    opacity: 0.95;
}

.hero-description {
    font-size: 13px;
    max-width: 800px;
    margin: 0 auto var(--spacing-xl);
    line-height: 1.5;
    opacity: 0.9;
}

.hero-cta {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px 24px;
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 700;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}

.hero-cta:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* ========== Content Pages ========== */
.content-page {
    max-width: 900px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
}

.content-page h2 {
    margin-top: var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

.content-page h3 {
    margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.content-page ul,
.content-page ol {
    margin-left: var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.content-page li {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    line-height: 1.7;
}

.content-page strong {
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* ========== Tables ========== */
table {
    width: 100%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    font-size: 14px;
}

thead {
    background-color: var(--springer-gray-100);
}

th {
    padding: var(--spacing-md);
    text-align: left;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
}

td {
    padding: var(--spacing-md);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

tbody tr:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-gray-100);
}

/* ========== Footer ========== */
.site-footer {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 16px 0;
    margin-top: var(--spacing-3xl);
}

.footer-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.footer-column h3 {
    color: var(--springer-white);
    font-size: .8125rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.footer-text {
    font-size: 12px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);
}

.footer-links {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.footer-links li {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.footer-links a {
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);
    font-size: 14px;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.2s ease;
}

.footer-links a:hover {
    color: #fff;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.footer-logo-section {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.footer-springer-logo {
    width: 120px;
    height: 50px;
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 900;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
}

.open-access-statement {
    background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.15);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--springer-green);
    padding: var(--spacing-md);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-300);
}

.footer-social {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
}

.social-link {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 36px;
    height: 36px;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border-radius: 50%;
    color: var(--springer-gray-400);
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.social-link:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.footer-bottom {
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);
    padding-top: var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-xl);
    text-align: center;
}

.copyright {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.6);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.footer-legal-links {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.footer-legal-links a {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-400);
}

.footer-legal-links a:hover {
    color: var(--springer-white);
}

.footer-note {
    margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
    font-size: 12px;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,.6);
}

/* ========== Quick Links ========== */
.quick-links {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.quick-link-card {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
    border: 2px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    text-align: center;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.quick-link-card:hover {
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}

.quick-link-card h3 {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    font-size: 14px;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.quick-link-card p {
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    font-size: 11px;
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* ========== Pagination ========== */
.pagination {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-xl);
    padding-top: var(--spacing-xl);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
}

.pagination-link {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    padding: 0 var(--spacing-md);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.pagination-link:hover {
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.pagination-link.active {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    border-color: var(--springer-blue);
    color: var(--springer-white);
}

.pagination-link.disabled {
    opacity: 0.5;
    pointer-events: none;
}

/* ========== Badges ========== */
.badge {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 4px 10px;
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
}

.badge-blue {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue);
}

.badge-green {
    background-color: var(--springer-green-light);
    color: var(--springer-green);
}

.badge-orange {
    background-color: var(--springer-orange-light);
    color: var(--springer-orange);
}

/* ========== Utility Classes ========== */
.text-center { text-align: center; }
.text-left { text-align: left; }
.text-right { text-align: right; }

.mt-0 { margin-top: 0; }
.mt-sm { margin-top: var(--spacing-sm); }
.mt-md { margin-top: var(--spacing-md); }
.mt-lg { margin-top: var(--spacing-lg); }
.mt-xl { margin-top: var(--spacing-xl); }

.mb-0 { margin-bottom: 0; }
.mb-sm { margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm); }
.mb-md { margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md); }
.mb-lg { margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg); }
.mb-xl { margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl); }

.pt-0 { padding-top: 0; }
.pt-sm { padding-top: var(--spacing-sm); }
.pt-md { padding-top: var(--spacing-md); }
.pt-lg { padding-top: var(--spacing-lg); }
.pt-xl { padding-top: var(--spacing-xl); }

.pb-0 { padding-bottom: 0; }
.pb-sm { padding-bottom: var(--spacing-sm); }
.pb-md { padding-bottom: var(--spacing-md); }
.pb-lg { padding-bottom: var(--spacing-lg); }
.pb-xl { padding-bottom: var(--spacing-xl); }

/* ========== Responsive Breakpoints ========== */

/* Tablet (768px and below) */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .page-layout {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .sidebar-column {
        order: 1;
    }

    .main-column {
        order: 2;
    }

    .banner-content {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .springer-logo {
        width: 100px;
        height: 50px;
        font-size: 16px;
    }

    .journal-title {
        font-size: 24px;
    }

    .banner-actions {
        flex-direction: row;
        width: 100%;
    }

    .btn {
        flex: 1;
    }

    .search-options {
        display: none;
    }

    .nav-menu {
        display: none;
        flex-direction: column;
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        background-color: var(--springer-white);
        border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
        border-top: none;
        box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
    }

    #mobile-menu-checkbox:checked ~ .nav-wrapper .nav-menu {
        display: flex;
    }

    .mobile-menu-toggle {
        display: flex;
    }

    #mobile-menu-checkbox:checked ~ .nav-wrapper .mobile-menu-toggle .hamburger-line:nth-child(1) {
        transform: rotate(45deg) translate(5px, 5px);
    }

    #mobile-menu-checkbox:checked ~ .nav-wrapper .mobile-menu-toggle .hamburger-line:nth-child(2) {
        opacity: 0;
    }

    #mobile-menu-checkbox:checked ~ .nav-wrapper .mobile-menu-toggle .hamburger-line:nth-child(3) {
        transform: rotate(-45deg) translate(7px, -6px);
    }

    .nav-item {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .nav-link {
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
        border-left: 3px solid transparent;
    }

    .nav-link:hover,
    .nav-link.active {
        border-bottom-color: var(--springer-gray-200);
        border-left-color: var(--springer-blue);
    }

    .nav-dropdown-menu {
        position: static;
        display: none;
        border: none;
        box-shadow: none;
        background-color: var(--springer-gray-100);
        padding-left: var(--spacing-lg);
    }

    .nav-dropdown:hover .nav-dropdown-menu {
        display: none;
    }

    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    }

    .hero-title {
        font-size: 36px;
    }

    .hero-subtitle {
        font-size: 20px;
    }

    .board-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }
}

/* Mobile (480px and below) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .container {
        padding: 0 var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .top-bar-right {
        display: none;
    }

    .journal-title {
        font-size: 20px;
    }

    .search-form {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .article-title-link {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .footer-legal-links {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    }

    .hero-title {
        font-size: 28px;
    }

    .hero-subtitle {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    .hero-description {
        font-size: 16px;
    }

    .metrics-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    h1 { font-size: 28px; }
    h2 { font-size: 22px; }
    h3 { font-size: 18px; }
}

/* ========== Print Styles ========== */
@media print {
    .top-bar,
    .search-area,
    .site-nav,
    .banner-actions,
    .sidebar-column,
    .site-footer,
    .hero-cta,
    .btn {
        display: none;
    }

    body {
        font-size: 12pt;
        color: black;
        background-color: white;
    }

    .page-layout {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    a {
        color: black;
        text-decoration: underline;
    }

    .article-item {
        page-break-inside: avoid;
        border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    }
}

/* ========== Accessibility ========== */
.sr-only {
    position: absolute;
    width: 1px;
    height: 1px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: -1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    white-space: nowrap;
    border-width: 0;
}

*:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px solid var(--springer-blue);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ========== Animation Utilities ========== */
@keyframes fadeIn {
    from { opacity: 0; }
    to { opacity: 1; }
}

@keyframes slideUp {
    from {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(20px);
    }
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

.fade-in {
    animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease-in;
}

.slide-up {
    animation: slideUp 0.4s ease-out;
}

/* ========== Loading States ========== */
.loading-spinner {
    display: inline-block;
    width: 20px;
    height: 20px;
    border: 2px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    border-top-color: var(--springer-blue);
    border-radius: 50%;
    animation: spin 0.8s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes spin {
    to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

/* ========== Selection ========== */
::selection {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
}

::-moz-selection {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
}

/* ========== Scrollbar Styling (Webkit) ========== */
::-webkit-scrollbar {
    width: 10px;
    height: 10px;
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
    background: var(--springer-gray-100);
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
    background: var(--springer-gray-400);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
}

::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
    background: var(--springer-gray-500);
}

/* ========== Additional Components ========== */

/* Site Header Wrapper */
.site-header {
    background-color: var(--springer-white);
}

/* Main Wrapper */
.main-wrapper {
    min-height: calc(100vh - var(--header-height) - 300px);
}

/* Sidebar Direct Styling */
.sidebar {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
}

/* Widget List Items - Metrics */
.list-label {
    display: block;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.list-value {
    display: block;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-800);
}

/* CTA Widget */
.cta-widget {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--springer-blue);
}

.cta-widget .widget-title {
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
}

/* Issue Browser Component */
.issue-browser {
    max-height: 300px;
    overflow-y: auto;
}

.volume-group {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.volume-group:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.volume-heading {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.issue-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.issue-item {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.issue-link {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
}

.issue-link:hover {
    background-color: var(--springer-gray-100);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.issue-date {
    font-size: 11px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
}

.issue-item.is-current .issue-link {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
    color: var(--springer-blue-dark);
    font-weight: 500;
}

/* Badge for Current Issue */
.badge {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 2px 6px;
    font-size: 10px;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    background-color: var(--springer-blue);
    color: var(--springer-white);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
}

/* Nav External Link */
.nav-external-link::after {
    content: " ↗";
    font-size: 10px;
    opacity: 0.7;
}

/* Nav Dropdown Arrow */
.nav-dropdown-arrow {
    font-size: 10px;
    margin-left: var(--spacing-xs);
    transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}

.nav-dropdown:hover .nav-dropdown-arrow {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
}

/* Footer Brand and Title */
.footer-brand {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.footer-title {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-white);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

/* ========== Compact Editorial Board ========== */
.eic-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.eic-card {
    background: var(--springer-blue-light);
    border-left: 4px solid var(--springer-blue);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
}

.eic-name {
    font-size: 17px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin: 0 0 4px 0;
}

.eic-affiliation {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    margin: 0 0 2px 0;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.eic-country {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    margin: 0;
    font-style: italic;
}

.editors-table {
    width: 100%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-size: 11px;
}

.editors-table th {
    padding: 4px 8px;
    text-align: left;
    font-size: 10px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    background: var(--springer-gray-100);
}

.editors-table td {
    padding: 3px 6px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
    vertical-align: top;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.editors-table tbody tr:hover {
    background: var(--springer-blue-light);
}

.editors-table .ed-name {
    font-weight: 600;
    white-space: nowrap;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
}

.editors-table .ed-loc {
    white-space: nowrap;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    font-size: 11px;
}

.compact-roles-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: var(--spacing-md) var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-lg);
}

.compact-roles-grid h3 {
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    padding-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-blue);
}

.compact-editor-list {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.compact-editor-list li {
    padding: 4px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
    font-size: 12px;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.compact-editor-list li:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.compact-editor-list li strong {
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
}

.compact-editor-list li span {
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    font-size: 12px;
}

.eic-highlight {
    background-color: var(--springer-blue-light);
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .eic-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .compact-roles-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .editors-table .ed-loc { display: none; }
    .editors-table th:first-child,
    .editors-table td:first-child { display: none; }
}

/* ---------- Calls for Papers ---------- */
.cfp-card {
    background: var(--springer-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
    border-left: 4px solid var(--springer-blue);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.cfp-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.cfp-status-badge {
    display: inline-block;
    background: var(--springer-green-light);
    color: var(--springer-green-dark);
    font-size: 12px;
    font-weight: 600;
    padding: 2px 10px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
}

.cfp-title {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    line-height: 1.3;
}

.cfp-meta {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    padding-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

.cfp-description p {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    line-height: 1.7;
}

.cfp-themes {
    background: var(--springer-gray-100);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    padding: var(--spacing-md) var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.cfp-themes h3 {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-sm) 0;
}

.cfp-themes ul {
    margin: 0;
    padding-left: 20px;
}

.cfp-themes li {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    line-height: 1.6;
    font-size: 11px;
}

.cfp-closing {
    font-style: italic;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
}

.cfp-editors {
    margin-top: var(--spacing-lg);
    padding-top: var(--spacing-lg);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

.cfp-editors h3 {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-md) 0;
}

.cfp-editors-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.cfp-editor-card {
    background: var(--springer-gray-100);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    padding: var(--spacing-md);
}

.cfp-editor-name {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
    margin: 0 0 4px 0;
}

.cfp-editor-affiliation {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    margin: 0 0 var(--spacing-sm) 0;
}

.cfp-editor-bio {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-700);
}

.cfp-editor-bio summary {
    cursor: pointer;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    font-size: 12px;
}

.cfp-editor-bio p {
    margin: var(--spacing-xs) 0 0 0;
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.cfp-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-lg);
    padding-top: var(--spacing-md);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .cfp-editors-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .cfp-actions { flex-direction: column; }
    .cfp-meta .meta-separator { display: none; }
    .cfp-meta span { display: block; margin-bottom: 4px; }
}

/* ---------- Editor Team Page ---------- */
.table-responsive {
    overflow-x: auto;
}

.team-table-copyable {
    width: 100%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-size: 11px;
    user-select: text;
}

.team-table-copyable th {
    padding: 8px 10px;
    text-align: left;
    font-size: 11px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    border-bottom: 2px solid var(--springer-gray-300);
    background: var(--springer-gray-100);
    white-space: nowrap;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1;
}

.team-table-copyable td {
    padding: 2px 6px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--springer-gray-200);
    vertical-align: middle;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

.team-table-copyable tbody tr:hover {
    background: var(--springer-blue-light);
}

.team-td-name {
    font-weight: 600;
    white-space: nowrap;
    color: var(--springer-gray-900);
}

.team-td-role { white-space: nowrap; }

.role-badge {
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 10px;
    font-weight: 600;
    padding: 2px 8px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
}

.role-lead-editor { background: var(--springer-blue-light); color: var(--springer-blue); }
.role-founding-editor { background: var(--springer-red-light); color: var(--springer-red-dark); }
.role-advisory-board { background: var(--springer-purple-light); color: var(--springer-purple-dark); }
.role-managing-editor { background: var(--springer-green-light); color: var(--springer-green-dark); }
.role-assistant-editor { background: var(--springer-orange-light); color: var(--springer-orange-dark); }
.role-associate-editor { background: var(--springer-gray-100); color: var(--springer-gray-700); }
.role-editorial-board-member { background: var(--springer-gray-100); color: var(--springer-gray-500); }

.team-td-email {
    white-space: nowrap;
    font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;
    font-size: 12px;
}

.team-td-email a {
    color: var(--springer-blue);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.team-td-email a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.team-td-country {
    white-space: nowrap;
    color: var(--springer-gray-500);
    font-size: 12px;
}

.team-td-specs {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--springer-gray-600);
    max-width: 250px;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .team-td-specs { max-width: 150px; }
}

/* ========== End of Stylesheet ========== */