Scoring Explained: Where Do the Numbers Come From?

Full transparency report for the 14-channel systemic risk scoring framework. Every number traced to its source data.

1. The Big Picture: Three Dimensions, One Score

The scoring framework ranks 14 systemic risk channels using a composite of three dimensions. Each dimension is independently normalized to [0, 1], then combined via fixed weights. The weights are the author's analytical judgment, hardcoded in channel_mapper.py lines 276–278. No optimization or theoretical derivation was used to set them.

composite = 0.35 × literature_volume + 0.35 × citation_impact + 0.30 × crisis_evidence

Literature Volume

0.35

How many papers were retrieved for this channel via OpenAlex search.

Normalization: paper_count / max_paper_count

Max = 348 papers (gateway_risk)

Source: openalex_merged.json (2,433 papers)

Citation Impact

0.35

Mean citations of the 10 most-cited papers in the channel.

Normalization: mean_top10 / max_mean_top10

Max = 5,228.8 cites (bridge_vulnerability)

Source: openalex_merged.json cited_by_count field

Crisis Evidence

0.30

Sum of log₁₀(losses_usd) for all crisis events activating this channel.

Normalization: sum_log10 / max_sum_log10

Max = 116.08 (counterparty_concentration)

Source: crisis_chronology.json (curated events)

Key architectural fact: Papers feed dimensions 1 and 2. Crisis events feed dimension 3. These are separate data sources that meet only at the composite formula.

2. How Papers Contribute (and Where They Do Not)

Each paper in openalex_merged.json has a channels[] array (assigned during search) and a cited_by_count integer (from OpenAlex). Here is exactly how each paper affects the score:

Dimension 1: Literature Volume

→ Each paper adds +1 to every channel listed in its channels[] array. Binary counting. No weighting by citations, year, or relevance.

Result: 10 of 14 channels hit the 200-paper retrieval cap and therefore have identical literature_volume scores of 0.5747.

Dimension 2: Citation Impact

→ Within each channel, papers are sorted by cited_by_count descending. Only the top 10 most-cited papers matter. Their citations are summed and divided by 10 (always 10, even if fewer papers exist). Papers ranked #11 and below contribute nothing to this dimension.

Critical design implication: A single highly-cited paper that is topically irrelevant to the channel — but was retrieved by the search query — can dominate the channel's citation impact score. This is the primary source of score inflation.

Dimension 3: Crisis Evidence

→ Papers do not contribute at all to this dimension. Crisis evidence comes entirely from crisis_chronology.json, a manually curated list of crisis events. Each event has a channels_activated[] array and a losses_usd value. The weight contributed per event = log₁₀(losses_usd). Events with undetermined losses receive the median imputed value (log₁₀ = 8.4843).

3. Per-Channel Deep Dive (14 Channels)

Each card below shows the full scoring breakdown for one channel, in rank order. Expand any card to see which papers and events produced the numbers.

▶1Cross-Chain Bridge Vulnerability CAP-200 RELEVANCE0.7063

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

5,228.8 / 5,228.8

1.0000 Crisis Evidence

60.0 / 116.1

0.5171

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 1.0000 + 0.30 × 0.5171 = 0.7063

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program IRRELEVANT?	2009	8,937	1
2	Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects IRRELEVANT?	2018	6,328	1
3	ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data IRRELEVANT?	2017	6,112	1
4	A survey of transfer learning IRRELEVANT?	2016	5,982	1
5	Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions IRRELEVANT?	2015	5,761	1
6	Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities IRRELEVANT?	2021	4,666	1
7	Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, IRRELEVANT?	2019	3,760	1
8	The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the global energy system IRRELEVANT?	2018	3,620	1
9	Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering IRRELEVANT?	2019	3,596	1
10	Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges IRRELEVANT?	2012	3,526	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		52,288 / 10	= 5,228.8

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Critical review of the molecular design progress in non-fullerene electron acceptors towards commerc	970
Survey of Multifidelity Methods in Uncertainty Propagation, Inference, and Optimization	958
Selective chemical protein modification	957
Reconceptualising adaptation to climate change as part of pathways of change and response	953
Next-generation sequencing technologies and their implications for crop genetics and breeding	947

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Poly Network Hack	2021-08	$611M	8.7860
Wormhole Bridge Hack	2022-02	$326M	8.5132
Ronin Bridge Hack	2022-03	$625M	8.7959
Nomad Bridge Hack	2022-08	$190M	8.2788
Multichain Bridge Collapse	2023-07	$126M	8.1004
Bybit $1.5B Hack	2025-02	$1.5B	9.1761
WazirX Multi-Sig Exploit	2024-07	$235M	8.3711
Sum (raw)			60.0215
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.5171

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 10 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶2Liquidity Spirals RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.6705

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

263 / 348

0.7557 Cit. Impact

1,603.6 / 5,228.8

0.3067 Crisis Evidence

115.6 / 116.1

0.9957

0.35 × 0.7557 + 0.35 × 0.3067 + 0.30 × 0.9957 = 0.6705

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	2009	3,361	8
2	Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities	2018	2,297	5
3	Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Survey on Civil Applications and Key Research Challenges IRRELEVANT?	2019	2,138	1
4	A survey on sentiment analysis methods, applications, and challenges IRRELEVANT?	2022	1,331	1
5	Physical Unclonable Functions and Applications: A Tutorial IRRELEVANT?	2014	1,274	1
6	SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies	2015	1,205	3
7	Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on information management research and practice: Transforming education, IRRELEVANT?	2020	1,192	1
8	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
9	Post-quantum cryptography	2017	1,078	1
10	A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities	2019	1,057	4
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		16,036 / 10	= 1,603.6

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Global Trends in Cryptocurrency Regulation: An Overview	5
Blockchain Empowers Chain Enterprises in the Digital Economy to Strengthen Risk Management Research	5
The Economics of the Blockchain: A study of its engineering and transaction services marketplace	5
On the Just-In-Time Discovery of Profit-Generating Transactions in DeFi Protocols	5
Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Benefits, Risks, and RiskMitigation Strategies	5

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Black Thursday (COVID Crash)	2020-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
SushiSwap Vampire Attack	2020-09	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Iron Finance / TITAN Collapse	2021-06	$2.0B	9.3010
Wormhole Bridge Hack	2022-02	$326M	8.5132
Terra/Luna Collapse	2022-05	$45.0B	10.6532
Three Arrows Capital Insolvency	2022-06	$3.5B	9.5441
Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Failures	2022-06/07	$5.4B	9.7324
FTX Collapse	2022-11	$8.7B	9.9395
Euler Finance Exploit	2023-03	$197M	8.2945
SVB Failure and USDC De-Peg	2023-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Curve Finance Pool Exploit	2023-07	$62M	7.7924
Bybit $1.5B Hack	2025-02	$1.5B	9.1761
Hyperliquid Whale Manipulation Events	2025-03	$15M	7.1761
Sum (raw)			115.5754
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.9957

e) Red Flag Check

RELEVANCE 4 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶3Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging) RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.6677

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

348 / 348

1.0000 Cit. Impact

1,699.5 / 5,228.8

0.3250 Crisis Evidence

78.9 / 116.1

0.6799

0.35 × 1.0000 + 0.35 × 0.3250 + 0.30 × 0.6799 = 0.6677

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
2	Hyperledger fabric IRRELEVANT?	2018	3,246	1
3	Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities	2018	2,297	5
4	Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—A Systematic Review	2016	2,262	1
5	SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies	2015	1,205	3
6	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
7	Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges	2019	963	3
8	Fiscal Volatility Shocks and Economic Activity IRRELEVANT?	2015	914	1
9	Security and Privacy on Blockchain	2019	848	2
10	The impact of the blockchain on the supply chain: a theory-based research framework and a call for a	2018	796	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		16,995 / 10	= 1,699.5

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Designing the future of bond markets: Reducing transaction costs through tokenization	6
United States	6
Capital Flow Management Measures in the Digital Age	5
Smart Contract Enabled Cryptocurrency Payment Gateways for SAP ERP Modules	5
Working Paper 38: Cryptocurrencies in Asia and beyond: law, regulation and enforcement	5

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Mt. Gox Collapse	2014-02	$460M	8.6628
QuadrigaCX Collapse	2019-02	$190M	8.2788
Black Thursday (COVID Crash)	2020-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Failures	2022-06/07	$5.4B	9.7324
FTX Collapse	2022-11	$8.7B	9.9395
SVB Failure and USDC De-Peg	2023-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
BTC-e Seizure and Shutdown	2017-07	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
DMM Bitcoin Exchange Hack and Closure	2024-05	$305M	8.4843
WazirX Multi-Sig Exploit	2024-07	$235M	8.3711
Sum (raw)			78.9218
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.6799

e) Red Flag Check

RELEVANCE 3 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶4Composability Risk CAP-200 RELEVANCE0.6257

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

3,024.5 / 5,228.8

0.5784 Crisis Evidence

85.9 / 116.1

0.7403

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.5784 + 0.30 × 0.7403 = 0.6257

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseas IRRELEVANT?	2016	7,311	1
2	2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention o IRRELEVANT?	2015	3,862	1
3	The Blood–Brain Barrier IRRELEVANT?	2015	3,176	1
4	Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Com IRRELEVANT?	2015	2,738	2
5	The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Est IRRELEVANT?	2014	2,429	1
6	The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges IRRELEVANT?	2011	2,345	1
7	2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patie IRRELEVANT?	2010	2,281	1
8	Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates IRRELEVANT?	2012	2,067	1
9	Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis IRRELEVANT?	2016	2,029	1
10	Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps IRRELEVANT?	2010	2,007	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		30,245 / 10	= 3,024.5

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders	271
Liver zonation: Novel aspects of its regulation and its impact on homeostasis	270
The Beneficial Roles of SIRT1 in Neuroinflammation-Related Diseases	270
Geology of the Caucasus: A Review	270
Forgotten fungi—the gut mycobiome in human health and disease	269

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
The DAO Hack	2016-06	$60M	7.7782
SushiSwap Vampire Attack	2020-09	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Iron Finance / TITAN Collapse	2021-06	$2.0B	9.3010
Poly Network Hack	2021-08	$611M	8.7860
Wormhole Bridge Hack	2022-02	$326M	8.5132
Terra/Luna Collapse	2022-05	$45.0B	10.6532
Nomad Bridge Hack	2022-08	$190M	8.2788
Euler Finance Exploit	2023-03	$197M	8.2945
Curve Finance Pool Exploit	2023-07	$62M	7.7924
Mango Markets Exploit	2022-10	$114M	8.0569
Sum (raw)			85.9385
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.7403

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 10 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶5Counterparty Concentration CAP-200 RELEVANCE0.5751

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

1,105.1 / 5,228.8

0.2113 Crisis Evidence

116.1 / 116.1

1.0000

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.2113 + 0.30 × 1.0000 = 0.5751

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
2	Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities	2018	2,297	5
3	SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies	2015	1,205	3
4	Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies?	2019	851	3
5	Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey	2020	673	1
6	Blockchain Technologies: The Foreseeable Impact on Society and Industry	2017	669	3
7	Fusing Blockchain and AI With Metaverse: A Survey	2022	539	3
8	Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets	2021	499	7
9	Central Bank Digital Currency and the Future of Monetary Policy	2017	492	4
10	Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and a	2017	465	4
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		11,051 / 10	= 1,105.1

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Blockchain Meets Sharing Economy: A Case of Smart Contract Enabled Ridesharing Service	31
PEReDi	31
Global networks of money and information at the crossroads: Correspondent banking and SWIFT	30
Cryptocurrency volatility markets	30
Uncovering Retail Trading in Bitcoin: The Impact of COVID-19 Stimulus Checks	30

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Mt. Gox Collapse	2014-02	$460M	8.6628
Bitfinex Hack	2016-08	$72M	7.8573
QuadrigaCX Collapse	2019-02	$190M	8.2788
Ronin Bridge Hack	2022-03	$625M	8.7959
Terra/Luna Collapse	2022-05	$45.0B	10.6532
Three Arrows Capital Insolvency	2022-06	$3.5B	9.5441
Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Failures	2022-06/07	$5.4B	9.7324
FTX Collapse	2022-11	$8.7B	9.9395
Multichain Bridge Collapse	2023-07	$126M	8.1004
BTC-e Seizure and Shutdown	2017-07	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Bybit $1.5B Hack	2025-02	$1.5B	9.1761
DMM Bitcoin Exchange Hack and Closure	2024-05	$305M	8.4843
WazirX Multi-Sig Exploit	2024-07	$235M	8.3711
Sum (raw)			116.0802
Normalized (/ 116.08)			1.0000

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 1 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶6Validator/Miner Concentration CAP-200 RELEVANCE0.5613

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

5,041.1 / 5,228.8

0.9641 Crisis Evidence

8.8 / 116.1

0.0758

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.9641 + 0.30 × 0.0758 = 0.5613

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and ri IRRELEVANT?	2012	11,936	1
2	Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes IRRELEVANT?	2015	7,015	1
3	Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment IRRELEVANT?	2012	6,837	1
4	Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities IRRELEVANT?	2016	5,475	1
5	Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease IRRELEVANT?	2020	3,652	1
6	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
7	Parkinson's disease IRRELEVANT?	2021	3,327	1
8	World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision IRRELEVANT?	2012	3,142	1
9	Role of the normal gut microbiota IRRELEVANT?	2015	2,928	1
10	Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Com IRRELEVANT?	2015	2,738	2
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		50,411 / 10	= 5,041.1

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Understanding and Enhancing Soil Biological Health: The Solution for Reversing Soil Degradation	421
New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere: From Molecular Clusters to Global Climate	421
Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review	420
The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions	418
The dental plaque biofilm matrix	416

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Ronin Bridge Hack	2022-03	$625M	8.7959
Sum (raw)			8.7959
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.0758

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 10 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶7Information Asymmetry and Opacity CAP-200 RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.4485

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

927.2 / 5,228.8

0.1773 Crisis Evidence

71.7 / 116.1

0.6175

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.1773 + 0.30 × 0.6175 = 0.4485

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities	2018	2,297	5
2	The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey IRRELEVANT?	2021	1,430	1
3	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
4	A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities	2019	1,057	4
5	Blockchain for Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Review	2020	726	3
6	ZEUS: Analyzing Safety of Smart Contracts IRRELEVANT?	2018	695	1
7	Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets	2021	499	7
8	Central Bank Digital Currency and the Future of Monetary Policy IRRELEVANT?	2017	492	4
9	The i-frame and the s-frame: How focusing on individual-level solutions has led behavioral public po IRRELEVANT?	2022	491	4
10	Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales	2019	482	4
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		9,272 / 10	= 927.2

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Intelligent Smart Contracts for Innovative Supply Chain Management	54
Central bank digital currencies: A critical review	53
Blockchain: A Comparative Study of Consensus Algorithms PoW, PoS, PoA, PoV	53
Energy Internet Opportunities in Distributed Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Reveal by Blockchain for Fu	52
Blockchain-Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Malicious Node Detection: A Survey	52

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Mt. Gox Collapse	2014-02	$460M	8.6628
Bitfinex Hack	2016-08	$72M	7.8573
QuadrigaCX Collapse	2019-02	$190M	8.2788
Three Arrows Capital Insolvency	2022-06	$3.5B	9.5441
Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Failures	2022-06/07	$5.4B	9.7324
FTX Collapse	2022-11	$8.7B	9.9395
Bybit $1.5B Hack	2025-02	$1.5B	9.1761
DMM Bitcoin Exchange Hack and Closure	2024-05	$305M	8.4843
Sum (raw)			71.6753
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.6175

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 4 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶8Liquidation Cascades CAP-200 RELEVANCE0.3811

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

1,151.3 / 5,228.8

0.2202 Crisis Evidence

39.8 / 116.1

0.3429

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.2202 + 0.30 × 0.3429 = 0.3811

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
2	The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health IRRELEVANT?	2012	2,987	1
3	Input Specificity and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks in Production Networks* IRRELEVANT?	2016	1,170	1
4	World Development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Education's Promise IRRELEVANT?	2017	1,087	1
5	The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change IRRELEVANT?	2014	664	1
6	Essential medicines for universal health coverage IRRELEVANT?	2016	593	1
7	Did Fair-Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?	2010	547	1
8	Nanomaterials and nanotechnology for the delivery of agrochemicals: strategies towards sustainable a IRRELEVANT?	2022	423	1
9	Power Laws in Economics: An Introduction IRRELEVANT?	2016	415	5
10	Investors’ choices between cash and voting rights: Evidence from dual-class equity crowdfunding IRRELEVANT?	2019	266	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		11,513 / 10	= 1,151.3

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Macroeconomic factors behind financial instability: Evidence from Granger causality tests	5
Underdeveloping Appalachia: Toward an Environmental Sociology of Extractive Economies	5
WATERKINO and HYDROMEDIA: How to Dissolve the Past to Build a More Viable Future	5
Effects of Shopping Flow in Experiential Fashion Stores on Brand Advocacy : Multi-mediating Effects	5
Financial Regulatory Reform: A Progress Report	5

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Black Thursday (COVID Crash)	2020-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Euler Finance Exploit	2023-03	$197M	8.2945
Curve Finance Pool Exploit	2023-07	$62M	7.7924
Mango Markets Exploit	2022-10	$114M	8.0569
Hyperliquid Whale Manipulation Events	2025-03	$15M	7.1761
Sum (raw)			39.8042
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.3429

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 9 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶9Network Contagion CAP-200 RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.3801

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

854.8 / 5,228.8

0.1635 Crisis Evidence

47.1 / 116.1

0.4058

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.1635 + 0.30 × 0.4058 = 0.3801

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
2	Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions	2020	1,309	1
3	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
4	Dynamic connectedness and integration in cryptocurrency markets	2018	580	2
5	The i-frame and the s-frame: How focusing on individual-level solutions has led behavioral public po IRRELEVANT?	2022	491	4
6	Power Laws in Economics: An Introduction IRRELEVANT?	2016	415	5
7	Cryptocurrency trading: a comprehensive survey	2022	379	7
8	Discriminating Data IRRELEVANT?	2021	363	1
9	Examining the interconnectedness of green finance: an analysis of dynamic spillover effects among gr	2023	316	2
10	Dynamic connectedness between stock markets in the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic: does economic	2021	231	2
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		8,548 / 10	= 854.8

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Money for Nothing and Bits for Free: The Geographies of Bitcoin	18
Spillovers between cryptocurrencies and financial markets in a global framework	18
Stock market responses to COVID-19: The behaviors of mean reversion, dependence and persistence	18
“Economically inefficient and legally untenable”: constitutional limitations on the introduction of	18
Financial market information flows when counteracting rogue states: The indirect effects of targeted	18

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Black Thursday (COVID Crash)	2020-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Terra/Luna Collapse	2022-05	$45.0B	10.6532
Three Arrows Capital Insolvency	2022-06	$3.5B	9.5441
FTX Collapse	2022-11	$8.7B	9.9395
SVB Failure and USDC De-Peg	2023-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Sum (raw)			47.1054
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.4058

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 4 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶10Governance Failure CAP-200 RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.3453

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

1,213.3 / 5,228.8

0.2320 Crisis Evidence

24.4 / 116.1

0.2099

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.2320 + 0.30 × 0.2099 = 0.3453

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities	2018	2,297	5
2	Scientists' warning on invasive alien species IRRELEVANT?	2020	1,994	1
3	Blockchain technology overview	2018	1,453	1
4	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
5	A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities	2019	1,057	4
6	Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges	2019	963	3
7	Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry	2016	946	1
8	Applications of Blockchains in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey	2018	836	2
9	Blockchain smart contracts: Applications, challenges, and future trends	2021	767	3
10	New frontiers and conceptual frameworks for energy justice IRRELEVANT?	2017	717	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		12,133 / 10	= 1,213.3

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Chikungunya seroprevalence, force of infection, and prevalence of chronic disability after infection	62
The computing continuum: From IoT to the cloud	62
Advancing disaster risk reduction through the integration of science, design, and policy into eco-en	62
A conceptual model and case study of blockchain-enabled social media platform	61
Globalization, National Identity, and Citizenship Education: China’s Search for Modernization and a	61

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
The DAO Hack	2016-06	$60M	7.7782
SushiSwap Vampire Attack	2020-09	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Multichain Bridge Collapse	2023-07	$126M	8.1004
Sum (raw)			24.3629
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.2099

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 2 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶11Stablecoin Runs RELEVANCE0.3036

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

218 / 348

0.6264 Cit. Impact

161.4 / 5,228.8

0.0309 Crisis Evidence

28.4 / 116.1

0.2450

0.35 × 0.6264 + 0.35 × 0.0309 + 0.30 × 0.2450 = 0.3036

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Fintech, Cryptocurrencies, and CBDC: Financial Structural Transformation in China	2022	287	5
2	A clean, green haven?—Examining the relationship between clean energy, clean and dirty cryptocurrenc	2022	275	3
3	Blockchain Meets Metaverse and Digital Asset Management: A Comprehensive Survey IRRELEVANT?	2023	228	4
4	Automated market makers and decentralized exchanges: a DeFi primer	2022	139	3
5	Self-Sovereign Identity in a Globalized World: Credentials-Based Identity Systems as a Driver for Ec IRRELEVANT?	2020	128	4
6	Essays in International Finance IRRELEVANT?	2024	122	1
7	Decentralized finance research and developments around the world IRRELEVANT?	2022	119	5
8	From Bitcoin to Central Bank Digital Currencies: Making Sense of the Digital Money Revolution IRRELEVANT?	2021	112	6
9	The Promise of Fintech IRRELEVANT?	2020	112	2
10	Cryptocurrencies and Decentralized Finance (DeFi)	2022	92	6
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		1,614 / 10	= 161.4

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Valuation of cryptoassets in <scp>EU</scp> insolvency: Challenges and prospects	5
Digital Modernity	5
A Comprehensive Guide for Web3 Security	5
Technology versus trust: Non-bank credit systems from notarized loans in Early Modern Europe to cryp	5
Crypto-Litigation: An Empirical Overview for 2020–Present	5

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Iron Finance / TITAN Collapse	2021-06	$2.0B	9.3010
Terra/Luna Collapse	2022-05	$45.0B	10.6532
SVB Failure and USDC De-Peg	2023-03	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Sum (raw)			28.4385
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.2450

e) Red Flag Check

RELEVANCE 6 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶12Oracle Manipulation RELEVANCE0.2945

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

208 / 348

0.5977 Cit. Impact

686.9 / 5,228.8

0.1314 Crisis Evidence

15.2 / 116.1

0.1312

0.35 × 0.5977 + 0.35 × 0.1314 + 0.30 × 0.1312 = 0.2945

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research proposi IRRELEVANT?	2020	2,302	1
2	Molecular Mechanisms That Influence the Macrophage M1â€“M2 Polarization Balance IRRELEVANT?	2014	1,893	1
3	Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets	2021	499	7
4	Use of Delphi in health sciences research: A narrative review IRRELEVANT?	2023	474	1
5	Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-based Financial Markets	2020	389	7
6	The Metaverse: A new digital frontier for consumer behavior IRRELEVANT?	2023	330	2
7	Evaluative infrastructures: Accounting for platform organization IRRELEVANT?	2017	303	1
8	Quantum Computer Systems for Scientific Discovery IRRELEVANT?	2021	232	1
9	Innovative Business Models and Varieties of Capitalism: Financialization of the U.S. Corporation IRRELEVANT?	2010	231	1
10	Sustainability of the Metaverse: A Transition to Industry 5.0 IRRELEVANT?	2023	216	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		6,869 / 10	= 686.9

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Digital monsters: Representations of humans on the Internet	5
Towards Verified Price Oracles for Decentralized Exchange Protocols	5
ACFIX: Guiding LLMs with Mined Common RBAC Practices for Context-Aware Repair of Access Control Vuln	5
Revolutionizing Cryptocurrency Operations: The Role of Domain-Specific Large Language Models (LLMs)	5
When ChatGPT Meets Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: How Far Are We?	5

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
Mango Markets Exploit	2022-10	$114M	8.0569
Hyperliquid Whale Manipulation Events	2025-03	$15M	7.1761
Sum (raw)			15.2330
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.1312

e) Red Flag Check

RELEVANCE 8 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

▶13Regulatory Contagion CAP-200 RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.2858

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

937.3 / 5,228.8

0.1793 Crisis Evidence

8.5 / 116.1

0.0731

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.1793 + 0.30 × 0.0731 = 0.2858

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008 IRRELEVANT?	2009	3,361	8
2	A Comprehensive Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of IoT, Drones, AI, Blockchain, and 5G	2020	1,108	1
3	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
4	Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies?	2019	851	3
5	Are cryptocurrencies a safe haven for equity markets? An international perspective from the COVID-19	2020	586	2
6	Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets	2021	499	7
7	Central Bank Digital Currency and the Future of Monetary Policy	2017	492	4
8	Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales	2019	482	4
9	The technology and economic determinants of cryptocurrency exchange rates: The case of Bitcoin	2016	468	2
10	Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship: Implications for Venture Creation in the Fourth Indust IRRELEVANT?	2020	423	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		9,373 / 10	= 937.3

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Novel evidence from APEC countries on stock market integration and volatility spillover: A Diebold a	46
Assessing the impact of renewable energy tokens on BRICS stock markets: A new diversification approa	46
CAN BITCOIN BE A SAFE HAVEN IN FEAR SENTIMENT?	46
A Critical Analysis of Volatility Surprise in Bitcoin Cryptocurrency and Other Financial Assets	46
Impact of COVID-19 and economic policy uncertainty on China’s stock market returns: evidence from qu	46

d) Crisis Events Contributing

Event	Date	Loss (USD)	log₁₀ Weight
BTC-e Seizure and Shutdown	2017-07	undetermined (median imputed)	8.4843
Sum (raw)			8.4843
Normalized (/ 116.08)			0.0731

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 2 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

▶14Real-World Asset Transmission CAP-200 RELEVANCE RETRACTED0.2780

a) Score Breakdown

Lit. Volume

200 / 348

0.5747 Cit. Impact

1,148.4 / 5,228.8

0.2196 Crisis Evidence

0.0 / 116.1

0.0000

0.35 × 0.5747 + 0.35 × 0.2196 + 0.30 × 0.0000 = 0.2780

b) Top-10 Most-Cited Papers (Define Citation Impact)

#	Title	Year	Citations	# Channels
1	Digital Innovation Management: Reinventing Innovation Management Research in a Digital World IRRELEVANT?	2017	2,579	2
2	GPT-4 Technical Report IRRELEVANT?	2023	2,239	1
3	Data Feminism IRRELEVANT?	2020	1,364	1
4	RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	2018	1,103	7
5	A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities	2019	1,057	4
6	Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a “just transi IRRELEVANT?	2017	785	1
7	Zero Trust Architecture IRRELEVANT?	2020	706	1
8	Participatory action research IRRELEVANT?	2023	565	2
9	Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review IRRELEVANT?	2023	544	1
10	A global federated real-world data and analytics platform for research IRRELEVANT?	2023	542	1
	Sum / 10 = mean_top10		11,484 / 10	= 1,148.4

c) Bottom-5 Papers (Illustrate Range)

Title	Citations
Additional Labors of the Entrepreneurial Self	75
Markets in crypto-assets regulation: Does it provide legal certainty and increase adoption of crypto	74
Natural disasters as a development opportunity: a spatial economic resilience interpretation	74
A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Community-Collaborative Approaches to Computing Researc	74
Blockchain and Smart Contracting for the Shareholder Community	74

d) Crisis Events Contributing

No crisis events activate this channel. Crisis evidence = 0.0000.

e) Red Flag Check

CAP-200 Hit the 200-paper retrieval cap. Literature volume is compressed.

RELEVANCE 8 of 10 top-cited papers have titles with no channel-related keywords.

RETRACTED 1 retracted paper(s) in the top-10.

4. The Weight Question

Why 0.35 / 0.35 / 0.30?

No theoretical derivation exists for these weights. They reflect the author's judgment that literature volume and citation impact should carry equal weight, with crisis evidence slightly down-weighted because it is based on a smaller, manually curated dataset. This is disclosed in the paper.

Sensitivity analysis tests whether channel retention decisions change under four alternative weighting schemes:

Channel	Primary (paper) 0.35 / 0.35 / 0.30	Equal 0.33 / 0.33 / 0.33	Crisis-dominant 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.50	Lit-dominant 0.50 / 0.25 / 0.25
Cross-Chain Bridge Vulnerability	#1 (0.7063)	#1 (=) (0.6973)	#5 (+4) (0.6522)	#3 (+2) (0.6666)
Liquidity Spirals	#2 (0.6705)	#2 (=) (0.6860)	#1 (-1) (0.7634)	#2 (=) (0.7035)
Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging)	#3 (0.6677)	#3 (=) (0.6683)	#3 (=) (0.6712)	#1 (-2) (0.7512)
Composability Risk	#4 (0.6257)	#4 (=) (0.6312)	#4 (=) (0.6585)	#4 (=) (0.6170)
Counterparty Concentration	#5 (0.5751)	#5 (=) (0.5954)	#2 (-3) (0.6965)	#5 (=) (0.5902)
Validator/Miner Concentration	#6 (0.5613)	#6 (=) (0.5382)	#7 (+1) (0.4226)	#6 (=) (0.5473)
Information Asymmetry and Opacity	#7 (0.4485)	#7 (=) (0.4565)	#6 (-1) (0.4967)	#7 (=) (0.4861)
Liquidation Cascades	#8 (0.3811)	#9 (+1) (0.3793)	#9 (+1) (0.3702)	#9 (+1) (0.4281)
Network Contagion	#9 (0.3801)	#8 (-1) (0.3813)	#8 (-1) (0.3874)	#8 (-1) (0.4297)
Governance Failure	#10 (0.3453)	#10 (=) (0.3389)	#10 (=) (0.3066)	#10 (=) (0.3978)
Stablecoin Runs	#11 (0.3036)	#11 (=) (0.3008)	#11 (=) (0.2868)	#11 (=) (0.3822)
Oracle Manipulation	#12 (0.2945)	#12 (=) (0.2868)	#12 (=) (0.2479)	#12 (=) (0.3645)
Regulatory Contagion	#13 (0.2858)	#13 (=) (0.2757)	#13 (=) (0.2250)	#13 (=) (0.3504)
Real-World Asset Transmission	#14 (0.2780)	#14 (=) (0.2648)	#14 (=) (0.1986)	#14 (=) (0.3423)

Key finding: The bottom 4 channels (ranks 11–14) remain the bottom 4 under all four weighting schemes. The top 5 are always in the top 5. Weight choice affects ordering within tiers but not the retention/exclusion boundary that the paper's analysis depends on.

5. Known Issues and Limitations

Issue 1: 200-Paper Retrieval Cap

10 of 14 channels hit the 200-paper cap imposed during OpenAlex search. This means their literature_volume scores are all identical (0.5747), eliminating Dimension 1 as a differentiator for the majority of channels. Only 4 channels (Liquidity Spirals, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Stablecoin Runs, Oracle Manipulation) have distinct literature volume scores.

Issue 2: Irrelevant Papers Inflate Citation Scores

81 papers across all channels' top-10 lists have titles with no obvious keyword match to their assigned channel. The worst offenders:

Channel	Flagged	Highest-Cited Flagged Paper	Citations
Cross-Chain Bridge Vulnerability	10/10	CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program	8,937
Liquidity Spirals	4/10	Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Survey on Civil Applications and Key Research Challenges	2,138
Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging)	3/10	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	3,361
Composability Risk	10/10	Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseas	7,311
Counterparty Concentration	1/10	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	3,361
Validator/Miner Concentration	10/10	A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and ri	11,936
Information Asymmetry and Opacity	4/10	The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey	1,430
Liquidation Cascades	9/10	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	3,361
Network Contagion	4/10	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	3,361
Governance Failure	2/10	Scientists' warning on invasive alien species	1,994
Stablecoin Runs	6/10	Blockchain Meets Metaverse and Digital Asset Management: A Comprehensive Survey	228
Oracle Manipulation	8/10	Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research proposi	2,302
Regulatory Contagion	2/10	Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	3,361
Real-World Asset Transmission	8/10	Digital Innovation Management: Reinventing Innovation Management Research in a Digital World	2,579

Issue 3: Single-Coder Crisis Chronology

All crisis events and their channel assignments were curated by a single researcher. No inter-coder reliability was assessed. The channels_activated mapping is subjective.

Issue 4: Terra/Luna Cross-Channel Amplification

The Terra/Luna collapse ($45B) activates 5 channels simultaneously: Liquidity Spirals, Composability Risk, Counterparty Concentration, Network Contagion, Stablecoin Runs. Its log₁₀ weight of 10.6532 is the single largest event contribution. This one event substantially shapes Dimension 3 for multiple channels.

Issue 5: Retracted Papers in Top-10

The following retracted papers appear in top-10 lists and contribute to citation impact scores:

Paper	Channels	Citations
RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	Network Contagion, Liquidity Spirals, Regulatory Contagion, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Governance Failure, Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Real-World Asset Transmission	1,103

Issue 6: Multi-Channel Papers Inflate Multiple Scores

13 papers appear in the top-10 list of more than one channel. A single highly-cited paper thus inflates citation impact for multiple channels simultaneously:

Paper	Appears in Top-10 of
Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008	Liquidity Spirals, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Counterparty Concentration, Validator/Miner Concentration, Liquidation Cascades, Network Contagion, Regulatory Contagion
RETRACTED: Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis	Liquidity Spirals, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Network Contagion, Governance Failure, Regulatory Contagion, Real-World Asset Transmission
Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportun	Liquidity Spirals, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Counterparty Concentration, Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Governance Failure
A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunitie	Liquidity Spirals, Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Governance Failure, Real-World Asset Transmission
Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain- and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets	Counterparty Concentration, Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Oracle Manipulation, Regulatory Contagion
SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies	Liquidity Spirals, Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Counterparty Concentration
Central Bank Digital Currency and the Future of Monetary Policy	Counterparty Concentration, Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Regulatory Contagion
Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges	Gateway Risk (Fiat-Crypto Bridging), Governance Failure
Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–	Composability Risk, Validator/Miner Concentration
Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity Is Financed through Cryptocurrencies?	Counterparty Concentration, Regulatory Contagion
The i-frame and the s-frame: How focusing on individual-level solutions has led behavioral	Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Network Contagion
Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales	Information Asymmetry and Opacity, Regulatory Contagion
Power Laws in Economics: An Introduction	Liquidation Cascades, Network Contagion